Draining and repairing land can be an expensive project. Before undertaking a drainage programme, it is important to assess the extent of the problem that exists. Soil types vary within every field, never mind across the farm.

The first thing that should be carried out is to dig test holes across individual fields to determine soil types and which type of action is most appropriate. On many farms, soil will only be compacted in the top four to five inches of the soil profile. As a result, using a sub-soiling machine will suffice. If the problems exist at a depth of 15 to 20 inches, ploughing and draining will be required as a combination course of action.

Soil texture

The rate at which water moves through the soil is determined by soil type, structure and texture.

Soil is classified as sand, silt or clay with sand being the largest in particle size and clay being the smallest. Larger particles have greater air space between them allowing for greater natural drainage. Clay has fine particles and less natural drainage. Soil texture can be assessed by rubbing moist soil between your fingers and thumb. Sand feels gritty and will break apart. Silt feels smooth and will stick to your hands. Clay will feel sticky and hold its shape if rolled into a ball. Whereas silt sticks to your hand, clay will stick to itself.